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00225_Field_frep115a.txt
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1996-12-30
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Amblyopia is a partial or
complete loss of eyesight that is
not caused by abnormalities in
the eye. When we sewed closed
a cat's or monkey's eye, our aim
was to produce an amblyopia
and then to try to learn where
the abnormality had arisen in
the visual path. The results of
the kitten experiment amazed
us. All too often, an experiment
gives wishy-washy results, too
good to dismiss completely but
too indecisive to let us
conclude anything useful. This
experiment was an exception;
the results were clear and
dramatic. When we opened the
lids of the kitten's eye, the eye
itself seemed perfectly normal:
the pupil even contracted
normally when we shined a
light into it. Recordings from
the cortex, however, were
anything but normal. Although
we found many cells with
perfectly normal responses to
oriented lines and movement,
we also found that instead of
about half of the cells
preferring one eye and half
preferring the other, none of
the twenty-five cells we
recorded could be influenced
from the eye that had been
closed. (Five of the cells could
not be influenced from either
eye, something that we see
rarely if ever in normal cats.)
Compare this with a normal cat,
in which about 15 percent of
cells are monocular, with about
7 percent responding to the left
eye and 7 percent to the right.
The ocular-dominance
histograms for the cat, shown
in the graph to the left, allowed
us to see the difference at a
glance. Clearly something had
gone wrong, with a vengeance.
A kitten was visually deprived
after having its right eye closed
at about ten days, the time at
which the eyes normally open.
The duration of closure was
two-and-a-half months. In this
experiment we recorded from
only twenty-five cells. (In
subsequent experiments we
were able to record more cells,
and we found a small
percentage that were
influenced from the eye that
had been closed.)